Firefly (Lightning Bug)
萤火虫

A firefly or lightning bug with lighted abdomen
中文介绍:
萤火虫
Lampyridea
鞘翅目萤科昆虫的通称。全世界约2000种,分布于热带、亚热带和温带地区。中国约54种。小至中型,长而扁平,体壁与鞘翅柔软。前胸背板平坦,常盖住头部。头狭小。眼半圆球形,雄性的眼常大于雌性。腹部7~8节,末端下方有发光器,能发黄绿色光。萤火虫夜间活动,卵、幼虫和蛹也往往能发光,成虫的发光有引诱异性的作用。幼虫和成虫均捕蜗牛和小昆虫为食,喜栖于潮湿温暖草木繁盛的地方。
全世界萤火虫有二千多种,夏季在河边,池边,农田出现,活动范围一般不会离开净水源.正式来说glow-worm萤火虫是指它的幼虫,而firefly萤火蝇才是指闪亮成虫,雄性萤火虫较为活跃,主动四处飞来吸引异性;雌性停在叶上等候发出讯号.在萤火虫体内有一种磷化物-发光质,经发光酵素作用,会引起一连串化学反应,它发出的能量只有约1成多转为热能,其余多变作光能,其光称为冷光.常见萤火虫的光色有黄色,红色及绿色.雄萤腹部有2节发光,雌只有1节.亮灯是耗能活动,不会整晚发亮,一般只维持2至3小时.成虫寿命一般只有5天至2星期,这段时间主要为交尾繁殖下一代.
萤火虫幼虫分为水生和陆生.幼虫一般需要6次蜕变后才进入蛹阶段.幼虫喜吃螺类和甲壳类动物,捕捉猎物后会先麻醉再将含消化的物质注入身体,把肉分解.
在草丛常发现尾部两点发光的是陆生的山窗萤幼虫,和全身发光黑白双间的双色垂须萤幼虫,此两品种的成长雌虫翅膀退化,与幼虫形状没有太大分别.雄虫才可以飞行.曾经有住在农田附近的参加者将雌性双色垂须萤萤火虫放在窗口,连续数天都吸引到雄性的双色垂须萤在窗口附近徘徊,所发出的光亮较常见的水生萤火虫暗弱.
初春时段,水中生活的萤火虫幼虫会爬上岸钻进土中.这时由鳃呼吸改为气孔呼吸.腹部两则会发光.再约50天时间才变蛹成虫.平均只有5天的生命,进食成长都变得次要.在日落后1小时后萤火虫非常活跃,争取时间互相追求.雄虫会在二十秒中闪动亮光,等二十秒,再次发出讯号,耐心等待雌虫的一次强光回应.当没有反应,雄的会飞往别处.(此现象有待观察)
萤火虫在天黑时才开始发光.活动参加者宜用电筒照路,避免直照草堆.萤火虫受电筒照射时可能短暂时间停止,反而找不到它们.
英文介绍 Profile:
Fireflies are familiar, but few realize that these insects are actually beetles, nocturnal members of the family Lampyridae. Most fireflies are winged, which distinguishes them from other luminescent insects of the same family, commonly known as glowworms.
There are about 2,000 firefly species. These insects live in a variety of warm environments, as well as in more temperate regions, and are a familiar sight on summer evenings. Fireflies love moisture and often live in humid regions of Asia and the Americas. In drier areas, they are found around wet or damp areas that retain moisture.
Everyone knows how fireflies got their name, but many people don't know how the insects produce their signature glow. Fireflies have dedicated light organs that are located under their abdomens. The insects take in oxygen and, inside special cells, combine it with a substance called luciferin to produce light with almost no heat.
Firefly light is usually intermittent, and flashes in patterns that are unique to each species. Each blinking pattern is an optical signal that helps fireflies find potential mates. Scientists are not sure how the insects regulate this process to turn their lights on and off.
Firefly light may also serve as a defense mechanism that flashes a clear warning of the insect's unappetizing taste. The fact that even larvae are luminescent lends support to this theory.
Females deposit their eggs in the ground, which is where larvae develop to adulthood. Underground larvae feed on worms and slugs by injecting them with a numbing fluid.
Adults eschew such prey and typically feed on nectar or pollen, though some adults do not eat at all.
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