Ant
蚂蚁

一只切叶蚁
A leaf-cutter ant
中文介绍:
蚂蚁
蚂蚁目前有21亚科283属(after Bolton 2003)(主流沿用的是16亚科的分类系统和21亚科的系统相比,新的系统从猛蚁亚科中分出了若干亚科)。蚂蚁是人们常见的一类昆虫,很容易识别。一般体小(0.5mm-3cm),颜色有黑、褐、黄、红等,体壁具弹性,光滑或有毛。口器咀嚼式,上颚发达。触角膝状,4~13节,柄节很长,末端2~3节膨大。腹部第1节或1、2节呈结状。有翅或无翅。前足的距离大,梳状,为净角器(清理触角用)。为多态型的社会昆虫.据估计,仅有大约半数的蚂蚁——目前约为11700种——被描述了。一个更大范围的蚂蚁区系研究也有待进行。
蚂蚁是地球上最常见的昆虫,数量最多的昆虫种类。由于各种蚂蚁都是社会性生活的群体,在古代通称“蚁”。据现代形态科学分类,蚁可分两大种群:蚂蚁类和白蚁类。
蚂蚁能生活在任何有它们生存条件的地方的地方,是世界上抗击自然灾害最强的生物。
蚂蚁的寿命很长,工蚁可生存几星期至3-7年,蚁后则可存活十几年或几十年。一蚁巢在1个地方可生长年,甚至50多年。
蚂蚁的外部形态分头、胸、腹三部分,有六条腿。蚂蚁卵约0.5毫米长,呈不规则的椭圆形,乳白色,工蚁体细小,体长约2.8毫米,全身棕黄,单个蚁要细看才易发现。雄、雌蚁体都比较粗大。腹部肥胖,头、胸棕黄色,腹部前半部棕黄色,后半部棕褐色。雄蚁体长约5.5毫米。雌蚁体长约6.2毫米。室内环境常见的有法老蚁Monomorium pharaonis L.等。
蚂蚁为典型的社会昆虫,具有社会昆虫的3大要素,即同种个体间能相互合作照顾幼体;具明确的劳动分工系统;且子代能在一段时间内照顾上一代。
另外要指出的,“白蚁”不是蚂蚁,白蚁除一样具有社会外,在生理结构上和蚂蚁有很大的差别。
生物的行为是指生物体进行的在外部可以察觉得到的有适应意义的活动。行为学就是研究这些活动的学科。形态和行为首先被人们注意,但是直到19世纪人们才获得生物行为研究的理论武器和实验手段。进化论学说将动物的行为提高到了适应性层次。
目前对生物行为的归类非常混乱。从遗传和发育的角度一般将其分为先天行为和后天行为,也就是本能行为和学习行为。但这种分类方法并不常用,人们一般按照行为的功能对其划分,遗憾的是这种划分方式并不严格,存在大量的重叠区域。
英文介绍 Profile:
Ants are common insects, but they have some unique capabilities. More than 10,000 known ant species occur around the world. They are especially prevalent in tropical forests, where they may comprise up to half of all the insects living in some locations.
Ants look much like termites, and the two are often confused—especially by nervous homeowners. However, ants have a narrow "waist" between the abdomen and thorax, which termites do not. Ants also have large heads, elbowed antennae, and powerful jaws. These insects belong to the order Hymenoptera, which includes wasps and bees.
Enthusiastically social insects, ants typically live in structured nest communities that may be located underground, in ground-level mounds, or in trees. Carpenter ants nest in wood and can be destructive to buildings. Some species, such as army ants, defy the norm and do not have permanent homes.
Ant communities are headed by a queen or queens, whose function in life is to lay thousands of eggs that will ensure the survival of the colony. Workers (the ants typically seen by humans) are wingless females that never reproduce, but instead forage for food, care for the queen's offspring, work on the nest, protect the community, and perform many other duties.
Male ants often have only one role—mating with the queen. After they have performed this function, they may die.
Ants communicate and cooperate by using chemicals that can alert others to danger or lead them to a promising food source. They typically eat nectar, seeds, fungus, or insects. However, some species have diets that are more unusual. Army ants may prey on reptiles, birds, or even small mammals. One Amazon species (Allomerus decemarticulatus) cooperatively builds extensive traps from plant fiber. These traps have many holes and, when an insect steps on one, hundreds of ants inside use the openings to seize it with their jaws.
蚂蚁的相关内容:
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2:可怕的群体行为 Swarm Behavior(多图)
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