美洲豹通道 Path of the Jaguar
流浪者之道

某天傍晚时分,在哥斯达黎加森林深处,一只年轻的公美洲豹从睡梦中醒来、伸了伸懒腰,不声不响地决意永远离开牠的出生地。
这里有藏身之处,以及大量的美洲小红鹿、貒猪和蹄鼠等食物来源,而牠也意识到有母豹或许可交配。可是,这座森林以及那些母豹都被另一只成熟公豹占有了;那只年龄较大的猫科动物不会容许竞争者存在。这只年轻公美洲豹的妈妈在微风中飘送的气味,幼时曾为牠带来抚慰,而今却再也不能将牠束缚在家乡。于是牠离开了。
At dusk one evening, deep in a Costa Rican forest, a young male jaguar rises from his sleep, stretches, and silently but determinedly leaves forever the place where he was born.
There's shelter here, and plenty of brocket deer, peccaries, and agoutis for food. He has sensed, too, the presence of females with which he might mate. But there's also a mature male jaguar that claims the forest—and the females. The older cat will tolerate no rivals. The breeze-blown scent of the young male's mother, so comforting to him when he was a cub, no longer binds him to his home. So he goes.
然而这个流浪者却选择了错误的方向。走不到几公里,牠就来到森林边缘;再往前就是一座咖啡种植园。受到本能和需要的驱使,牠继续行进,并在沿着篱笆与溪流生长的树下停留。然而过了不久,藏身处变成只是长了灌木和几株树木的零散土地,根本找不到东西吃。现在,牠来到了拥有一座座牧牛场的地方。某晚,饥饿加上一头初生之犊的气味,让原本不愿穿越开放区域的牠放弃了坚持。牠悄悄接近目标,最后发动突袭,立刻以牠强而有力的颚一口咬死那头小牛。
隔天,牧场主人发现了残骸和一只美洲豹留下的踪迹。他叫来几个邻居,召集了一群狗。猎人们找到这只年轻的美洲豹,但他们只带了散弹枪,情急下从很远的距离射中牠。虽然美洲豹因厚大的颅骨而免于一死,但子弹射瞎了牠一只眼睛,左前腿也瘸了。
现在牠瘸腿,没有能力在灌木林中找寻一般猎物,遑论追踪并猎杀目标了;出于饥饿,牠被迫猎食较易捕捉的猎物。牠在邻近的牧场杀了另一头小牛,接着是附近小镇郊区的狗。然而,这次牠逗留得太久。一群村民被狗的狂吠声引来,把牠逼到树上;尽管射击了许多发,最后还是将牠杀了。他们说,美洲豹不过是杀害牛和狗的凶手,是有害动物。随时随地瞧见了牠们,格杀勿论。
这种悲惨故事在美洲豹的家园四处上演了无数次,范围从墨西哥(以前是从美国)延伸至阿根廷。最近数十年,随着牧场经营、农耕和开发侵占了这种大型猫科动物的大半主要栖地,以及人类在剩余森林里的许多地区大量捕杀牠的自然猎物,这种事发生的机率甚至更为频繁。
艾伦‧拉比诺维茨期望这个故事能出现不一样的结局。他想象那只年轻的美洲豹在离开出生地之后,将会经过一条几乎不间断、拥有遮蔽植被的走廊,不被人类撞见。不出几天,牠就会找到一小片森林,里面栖息的猎物足以让牠于再度启程之前留下来休息一、两天。最后,牠将抵达国家公园或野生动物保护区;在那儿,牠会找到一个家、可以漫游的空间、大量猎物,及寻找配偶的母豹。
But the wanderer has chosen the wrong direction. In just a few miles he reaches the edge of the forest; beyond lies a coffee plantation. Pushed by instinct and necessity, he keeps moving, staying in the trees along fences and streams. Soon, though, shelter consists only of scattered patches of shrubs and a few trees, where he can find nothing to eat. He's now in a land of cattle ranches, and one night his hunger and the smell of a newborn calf overcome his reluctance to cross open areas. Creeping close before a final rush, he instantly kills the calf with one snap of his powerful jaws.
The next day the rancher finds the remains and the telltale tracks of a jaguar. He calls some of his neighbors and gathers a pack of dogs. The hunters find the young male, but they're armed only with shotguns; anxious, they shoot from too great a distance. The jaguar's massively thick skull protects him from death, but the pellets blind him in one eye and shatter his left foreleg.
Crippled now, unable to find his normal prey in the scrubby forest, let alone stalk and kill it, he's driven by hunger to easier meals. He kills another calf on an adjacent ranch, and then a dog on the outskirts of a nearby town. This time, though, he lingers too long. Attracted by the dog's howls, a group of villagers tree him and, though it takes many blasts, kill him. Jaguars, they say, are nothing but cattle killers, dog killers. They are vermin. They should be shot on sight, anytime, anywhere.
This sad story has been played out thousands of times throughout the jaguar's homeland, stretching from Mexico (and formerly the United States) to Argentina. In recent decades it's happened with even greater frequency, as ranching, farming, and development have eaten up half the big cat's prime habitat, and as humans have decimated its natural prey in many areas of remaining forest.
Alan Rabinowitz envisions a different ending to the story. He imagines that the young jaguar, when he leaves his birthplace, will pass unseen by humans through a near-continuous corridor of sheltering vegetation. Within a couple of days he'll find a small tract of forest harboring enough prey for him to stop and rest a day or two before resuming his trek. Eventually he'll reach a national park or wildlife preserve where he'll find a home, room to roam, plenty of prey, females looking for a mate. |