变革中的中国:珍贵老照片

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Return to Changing China
重返变革中的中国

一组由外国记者拍着的珍贵老照片向人们展示了变革中国的一些记忆片段。

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译文:源自网络

1：最后的权威：中国人民解放军的战士在参观游览北京时，翻阅中国领袖毛泽东的语录。作者所到之处，都见到人们在看毛泽东的“红宝书”。这本书的字里行间里，有时抨击美国“帝国主义”，但是其他的章节传达了温和的信息：“世间一切事物中，人是最宝贵的。”
The final authority: Soldiers of the People's Liberation Army turn to the words of Chinese leader Mao Tse-tung during a sightseeing visit to Peking. Everywhere the author traveled, she saw Mao's "little red book" in use. Sometimes its text rails against U.S. "imperialism," but other sections carry gentler messages: "Of all the things in the world ... people are the most precious."

2：在北京热烈欢迎罗马尼亚总统尼古拉·齐奥塞斯库时，放假的女学生穿着摆裙参加欢迎的活动。50万市民聚集街头观看总统的车队缓缓驶过北京市的主干道长安街，或称“永安街”。人们敲锣打鼓，欢呼雀跃，摇旗呐喊着“欢迎！欢迎！”这些女孩子们鲜艳的服装与西方的印象大相径庭，西方人的以为在当代中国每一个人都是穿土灰色睡衣似的衣服。
Schoolgirls in holiday dress swing into action during a tumultuous Peking welcome for Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu. Half a million Chinese gathered to see his cavalcade roll down the city's main boulevard, Ch'ang-an, or "Eternal Peace." Beating drums, clanging cymbals, jumping, dancing, and waving banners, they shouted, "Welcome! Welcome!" The bright-patterned garb of these girls contradicts the Western impression that everyone in modern China wears drab pajamalike garments.


3：古老的紫禁城内的人民文化公园里，假日里的群众在欣赏革命歌曲。这里曾经是中国皇帝和他的朝廷举行庄严典礼的地方，有着500年悠久历史的塔状屋顶祖传殿堂已经被修复，目前作为娱乐场所向所有的民众开放。
去年五一节的整个上午,在公园内搭建了这里和另外十个临时舞台，专业剧团上演了选自5台话剧、两台芭蕾戏，还有一个由中国现代革命京剧组成的音乐作品的精彩片段。由毛泽东的妻子江青倡导的这类戏剧将艺术融入表演，作为一种教育工具力图保持生动活泼的精神，在中国推动革命运动建立共产主义。
Revolutionary music entertains a holiday crowd in a people's cultural park within the confines of the old Imperial City. Once the scene of solemn ceremonies staged by the Chinese emperor and his court, the five-century-old pagoda-roofed Temple of Ancestors has been restored and is now open for the enjoyment of everyone.
All morning long last May Day, here and on ten other temporary stages set up in the park, professional troupes presented excerpts from the five operas, two ballets, and one concert work that comprise China's "modern revolutionary dramas." Sponsored by Mao's wife Chiang Ch'ing, the dramas put art to work as an educational tool in a government effort to keep alive the spirit that drove revolutionaries to establish Communism in China.

4：在北京天坛附近，外出游玩的一家人停下脚步帮女儿调整小鞋。这位父亲是一名解放军战士，但是他不必离开妻儿驻守军营。多数民兵被分配了民间任务并留在家里，同时要象其他工作人员一样在早上汇报工作。由于父母通常都要工作而把孩子送到老辈人或幼儿园那里照料，大多数星期天成了全家外出游玩的日子。在一个长期被人口过剩困扰的国家，政府积极推行控制出生率和提倡晚婚。作者被告知，一对夫妻拥有两个孩子目前被认为是理想的家庭。
Small-shoe adjustment interrupts a family outing near Peking's Temple of Heaven. The father is a soldier, but he does not necessarily live in a camp, apart from his wife and children. Many in the People's Militia are assigned to civilian tasks and remain at home, reporting for duty in the morning like other jobholders. Since both parents usually work, leaving child care to grandparents or day centers, most Sundays are devoted to family excursions. In a country long plagued with overpopulation, the government actively campaigns for birth control and late marriages. A couple with two children is now considered the ideal family, the author was told.

5：紫禁城内的博物馆里，真人大小的塑像栩栩如生的再现了共产主义革命前生活的不幸。这里，祖母（左边）被贪得无厌的地主的爪牙拽住，她极力想把一个饥饿的婴儿递给他的妈妈，而这个可怜的母亲却正被强行拖去看护地主的孩子。在1949年中国共产党掌握政权之后，不计其数的地主经群众审判宣告有罪并且处死。
Life-size figures in a museum within the Forbidden City dwell on the evils of life before the Communist Revolution. Here a grandmother, at left, clutched by the lackey of a greedy landlord, thrusts a hungry baby toward its mother, who is being dragged off by another lackey to nurse the landlord's child. After the Communists took power in 1949, uncounted thousands of landlords were condemned at mass trials and executed.


6：老友重逢：中国总理周恩来（右）接见加拿大外交官切斯特·朗宁——作者的父亲，朗宁流利的中文让旁边的翻译无所事事。这两个政治家在1945年第一次见面，那时朗宁是驻华大使。总理玩笑地责怪他这76岁的客人退休“太早”。“我知道你比我大三岁。”周恩来微笑着说：“但是我们应该不受规则约束的。就拿我说，我现在有必要退休吗？”
Old friends meet: China's Premier Chou En-lai, at right, welcomes the author's father, Canadian diplomat Chester Ronning, whose fluent Chinese made the interpreter unnecessary. The two statesmen first met in 1945 when Mr. Ronning was stationed in China. Jokingly, the Premier accused his 76-year-old guest of having retired "too early." "I know you are three years older than I," said Chou with a smile, "but we are exceptions to the rule. Take me, for instance. Now why should I retire?"

7：变成旅游者的士兵集合在古老的战斗堡垒，一段军人修复的长城的顶上。来自各个省的中国人成车成车地潮水般涌到这个巨大的屏障式奇迹，这里距首都仅仅35英里。建于2200年以前以抵御北方蛮族侵略的长城，延绵1500英里横跨山脉和沙漠。
Mustering at battlements of old, soldiers-turned-tourists gather atop a section of the Great Wall restored with army labor. Chinese from every province pour in by the truckload to marvel at the colossal barricade, here only 35 miles from the capital. Built 22 centuries ago to hold off barbarian invaders from the north, it writhes 1,500 miles across mountain and desert.

8：床边的晚餐结束了一天的农场工作和毛泽东思想学习，这是两个在一所北京的学校接受思想训练的公社领导。这个计划开始于1960年代末“伟大的无产阶级文化大革命”期间，是为了让知识分子有普通劳动者的劳动经历。运动目标是为了巩固一个无阶级社会的共产主义观念。当作者问起“这个运动会有多久？”时，一位妇女答道：“这取决于我们的态度。”
Supper at bedside ends a day of farm work and Mao-thought study for two community leaders undergoing ideological training at a Peking school. The program, designed to give intellectuals the labor experience of common workers, began in the late 1960's during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The movement aims to strengthen the Communist ideal of a classless society. When the author asked, "How long is the course?" one woman replied, "It depends on our attitude."


9：为了开展高等教育，军人在北京的清华大学听一堂数学课，大多扣好纽扣和戴着毛主席像章。在文化革命的混乱中，毛关闭了国家的二流学校和大学。仅在最后一年，清华大学重新有2800名学生入学。
Tapped for higher education, military men attend a mathematics lecture at Peking's Tsinghua University; most wear buttons bearing Mao's profile. In the tumult of the Cultural Revolution, Mao closed the nation's secondary schools and universities. Only last year did Tsinghua reopen to an enrollment of 2,800 students.

10：作为一门古老技术的从业者，一名针灸军医在接待一名聋哑人。靠在特殊的神经位置扎入针（这里是在手腕上），针灸医生声称治疗了许多儿童时期导致的聋哑病例。数千年以前发展起来且一直没有科学解释的针灸疗法，作为麻木（感觉缺失）的手段遍及全中国，可说是与治疗阑尾炎到偏头痛之类的疾病一样处理。
Practitioner of an ancient art, an army specialist in acupuncture treats a deaf-mute. Inserting needles at specific nerve points—here in the wrist—acupuncturists claim to cure many cases of deafness caused in childhood. Developed thousands of years ago but still scientifically unexplained, acupuncture is used throughout China as a means of anesthesia and as a treatment for afflictions ranging from appendicitis to migraine.



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11：中国人生活的万花筒里，作者发现了这些面孔：吸着烟斗的男人称他自己是：“一个普通农民”，对于中国共产党员，这个曾经不体面的称呼“农民”现在是种田人的骄傲的名称。他和他的妻子（一位儿科医师）、他们的两个孩子以及祖母是北京附近一个农村公社的社员。他们喜欢音乐，夫妻俩弹的弹琵琶，唱的唱。
In the kaleidoscope of Chinese life, the author found these faces: The pipe-smoking young man called himself "an ordinary peasant"; to Chinese Communists, the once degrading word "peasant" now is the proud designation of one who farms. He and his wife—a pediatrician—their two children and a grandmother are members of a rural commune near Peking. They love music; both parents play the lute and sing.


12：杭州女孩在生产优良绿茶的公社劳动，杭州是因其美女而著名的地方。
Girls of Hangchow, in a region noted for its lovely women, labor in a commune that produces fine green tea.

13：这位85岁的男人生活在延安附近，皮肤随年纪起了皱纹。“传统中国人关心老年人生活”，作者解释说：“但是不再有过去盲目的程度。”
Skin crinkled with age, this 85-year-old man lives near Yenan. "The classic Chinese regard for the elderly endures," notes the author, "but not to the fanatical extent of the past."

14：外交官的女儿，17岁的周霞告别军营陪伴作者一行人到樊城（译注：襄樊）。这女孩的父亲从前是刚果的中华人民共和国中文外交官，作为陪同人员一起旅行。当问及她为什么参军时，周霞回答说：“为了冒险！军队里有许多我一样年龄的女孩，比在家更好玩。”
Diplomat's daughter, 17-year-old Hsiao Chou took leave from the army to accompany the author's party to Fanch'eng. The girl's father, former Chinese Ambassador to the People's Republic of the Congo, served as escort for the journey. Asked why she joined the army, Hsiao Chou replied: "For the adventure! There are so many girls my age in the army, it's more fun than being at home."

15：西安一个男孩剃头后保留了顶发，是因为他的父母相信，这会哄骗恶魔把他误认为女孩而不值得伤害。
Shaved head of a boy in Sian retains the topknot that his parents believe will trick evil spirits into mistaking him for a girl, unworthy of being harmed.

16：没有尿布、不要洗熨：为照顾在父母双亲工作时的小孩子，一位防城的老奶奶给他穿上了衫的衣服。
No diaper, no laundry: Caring for a tyke while his parents work, a Fanch'eng grandmother dresses him in a practical garment.

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17：作为工业中国的门户，烟窗林立的上海作为国家最大的城市和繁忙的港口充满活力。它是1000多万人的家园，横卧在战略意义生要的杨子江口，这是中国内陆的咽喉。
Doorway to industrial China, smoke-shrouded Shanghai throbs as the nation's largest city and busiest port. Home of ten million people, it sprawls strategically at the mouth of the Yangtze River, funnel to China's heartland.

18：在淤积严重的扬子江的支流汉江上，装有穿了竹子的帆的货运帆船扬帆逆流而上。
On a Yangtze tributary, the silt-clouded Han River, freight junks with worn bamboo-ribbed sails breast the current.

19：拉纤：兄弟姊妹弓身全力拉着汉江里的帆船。甲板上，母亲呼喊着号子并掌着舵，与此同时父亲撑篙防止船靠岸。由于拉纤容易滑倒，而今的纤夫必须避免。艰难的一步又一步，多么用力的活也许持续几小时，甚至几天。如果风速加快，这两人可跳回到船上。
Tug-of-war with water: Brother and sister pull a junk around a bend in the Han River. On deck, mother shouts orders and steers, while father poles to keep the boat off the bank. Towing harnesses slip off easily should the current drag pullers backward. Foot by laborious foot, such hauling may go on for hours, even days. If the wind picks up, the two hop back aboard.

20：外交官郎宁在樊城（注：襄樊）附近的大麦田里挥舞着装了网篮的长柄镰，那里是他的诞生地。
Ambassador Ronning swings a basket-fitted scythe in a barley field near Fanch'eng, his birthplace.

21：路上最美的一瞬间：割稻的外国访问者吸引住了一群儿童观众。
Best show on the road—a foreign visitor cutting grain enthralls a small-fry audience.

22：女机械师在迅速工业化的襄樊城的一家工厂操作一台精密金属切割机。妇女与男人享有相等的工资和晋升机会；女性管理人员管理了几家中国最大的纺织工厂。
Women machinists operate a precision metal cutter at a shop in fast-industrializing Fanch'eng. Women enjoy pay and promotions equivalent to men's; female managers run several of China's largest textile mills.

23：中国制造：这艘万吨货船东风驶向上海港的锚地。造船是中国相对新兴的工业，同时，今后建造的蓝图要求是3万吨的轮船（与日本相比仍然小）甚至建造10倍那样大小的船。
Made in China: The 10,000-ton freighter East Wind rides at anchor in Shanghai harbor. Shipbuilding is a relatively new industry for China, and blueprints for future construction call for vessels of 30,000 tons—still small compared to Japanese-built behemoths of ten times that size.

24：为给工作带来娱乐，学员们在一家制桶工厂排练一声小歌剧，在那里他们体验工人的生活，同时接受思想改造。中国人喜爱业余艺术家音乐会和戏剧，虽然总是有关革命主题的。
Taking fun to work, students rehearse for an operetta in a bucket factory, where they share the life of workers while undergoing ideological training. Chinese delight in amateur concerts and dramas, invariably on revolutionary themes.

25：在巨大的安山钢铁厂，开工的熔炉龙口喷吐着火舌，钢铁厂建立在满州的巨大煤海和矿石资源中。当日本人（侵占了这个地区14年）在1945年向苏联军队投降时，他们被迫拆解工厂设备运到苏联。尽管这样大量的瓦解拆分以及后来国内战争的破坏，东北地区现在成为了中华民族经济发展的动力来源。
Dragon mouths of open furnaces breathe fire in the huge Anshan Iron and Steel Works, set amid Manchuria's vast coal and ore deposits. When the Japanese—who occupied the region for 14 years—surrendered to Soviet troops in 1945, they were put to work dismantling industrial plants for removal to the U.S.S.R. Despite such massive disruption and the subsequent ravages of the civil war, the northeast now stands as the powerhouse of the Chinese nation.

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26：右派和左派的决斗好似北京居民表演的一种剑舞。每天清晨大街小巷和广场到处充满了体格健壮的黄皮肤人在精神旺盛地晨练，或者以那些古老的程式化的礼节慢条斯礼地活动。健身与毛主席的祝福有关，并且在所有年龄段的中国人非常普及。
Right arm duels left as a Peking resident performs a sword dance. Each morning across the land, streets and squares fill with physical-fitness buffs vigorously exercising or moving gracefully through such ancient, stylized rituals. Bodybuilding bears the blessing of Chairman Mao and enjoys enormous popularity among Chinese of all ages.

27：毛主席的机织肖像从一家杭州的丝绸厂织出。通过商店分配，在最偏远的山村他们也会找到销路进入家庭。作者发现今天中国生活最显著的面貌之一，是对毛泽东名言的崇敬。他的思想为一切成功方法提供了保证。
Woven portraits of Chairman Mao roll from the looms of a Hangchow silk mill. Distributed to department stores, they will find their way into homes in the most remote villages. One of the most striking aspects of life in China today, the author discovered, is the reverence paid to the wisdom of Mao Tse-tung. His thoughts are given credit for all manner of successes.

28：革命圣地：拱形的门洞引进了延安手挖的窑洞。1934年，面临在中国南方被国军歼灭，毛带领9万红军进行了史诗般的长征——一次行程6000英里横跨18条山脉和24条江河的撤退。一年后，残部到达陕西省并且最终到了安全的延安窑洞，在那里重新组织了从1946年到1949年试卷中国的革命。在一孔窑洞内，毛的照片悬挂在他战争期间办公的一张桌子上方。
Shrines of the Revolution: Arched entryways lead into the hand-hewn caves of Yenan. In 1934, facing annihilation by Nationalists in south China, Mao led 90,000 troops on the epic Long March—a 6,000-mile retreat across 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers. A year later, the survivors reached Shensi Province and eventually the safety of Yenan's caves, there to rebuild for the revolt that swept China from 1946 to 1949. Inside one cave, a photograph of Mao hangs above a desk he worked at during the war.

29：一块引用毛的语录的标语牌指明了四个窑洞群之一是他和其它领导人生活的地方。
A sign quoting Mao marks one of four cave complexes where he and other leaders lived.

30：在东北的沈阳附近，一个新的农垦区的老农们耕作最近灌溉的水稻田。水牛和马与一辆红色的拖拉机同场竞技，拖拉机是农业机械化开始的迹象。
Muckbusters on a new frontier, peasants till a rice field recently brought under irrigation near Shenyang in the northeast. Water buffalo and horse compete with a red tractor, evidence of a beginning in farm mechanization.

31：这些妇女的工作只能手工做。通过一把一把地辛苦工作，她们为移植工作捆扎着水稻秧苗。中国陆地仅有12%是可耕地。在不断努力增加粮食生产的过程中，中国人不断地进一步向干旱与崎岖的内陆推进。通过加强农业和控制粮食销售已经消除了过去十年中国饥饿的情景。
Only hands can do the job of these women. Toiling elbow to elbow, they bundle rice seedlings for transplanting. Only 12 percent of China's land is cultivated. In a continuing effort to increase food production, the Chinese push ever farther into the dry, rugged interior. Intensified farming and controlled distribution of grain have banished scenes of starvation that marked the China of decades past.

32：人们靠脚踏车出行的地方：一辆脚踏三轮车装了满满一车人缓缓穿过北京天安门广场去一所幼儿园学校。
Where people move by pedal power: Crammed to capacity, a bicycle minibus zips across T'ien-an Men Square in Peking, on the way to a day-care school.

33：骑着自行车上下班队伍，通过沈阳一座巨大的毛泽东塑像，穿过傍晚的树影一上一下地踩着向家里奔，与仅有的几辆公共汽车竞赛着。在中国各地的工人、农民和公务人员都骑车出行，在这里认为私人汽车是极端奢华的。但是他们享有一种幸福：几乎完全不受汽车尾气的污染。周恩来总理相信随着近来工业化的开始，中国可以避免现在困扰其它国家的污染。
Cycling squad of commuters, passing a colossal statue of Mao in Shenyang, pumps homeward through evening shadows with only buses for competition. Everywhere workers, peasants, and officials travel by bike in a China that counts the private auto an extreme luxury. But they enjoy one blessing: an almost complete absence of pollution from car exhausts. Premier Chou En-lai believes that by starting late to industrialize, China may avoid the pollution now plaguing other nations.