自然界中会吃掉配偶的几种动物 蝎子

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After Valentine’s Day? 3 Mate-Eating Animals
情人节已过 来看看自然界中会吃掉配偶的几种动物

Female sexual cannibalism is far more common than male. In some species, males provide the single biggest food source for the females of their kind.  While scientists have postulated all kinds of evolutionary reasons for sexual cannibalism, their theories are often confounded by three core conflicts:

在自然界动物的一些生活习性时常令科学家匪夷所思，比如相同物种之间的噬食现象，而且雌性发生交配后吞食雄性的现象十分奇特，相反却很少存在交配后雄性吞食雌性。以下就是三种存在雌性噬食交配伴侣现象的生物：
it prevents males from further mating
many male mates avoid being eaten if possible
males are usually eaten before they can even mate

So while there might be an adaptive reason for these relationships it is equally likely that the (usually much larger) female might just decide that a given male will make a better meal than a mate.

盘点动物世界中雌性噬食交配伴侣现象



1：蝎子  Scorpions



可以说蝎子是无处不在，它们可以生活在山脉、沙漠、热带地区、洞穴，乃至核爆炸后的地区。在蝎子的栖息领地，它们扮演着多重猎手身份，它们可以蛰伤各种哺乳动物、蛙类、蝾螈、昆虫和一些鸟类。但很少人却知道它们的最大敌人竟然是自己，超过一半的死亡雄性沙漠蝎子都是死于雌性配偶交配完成之后。

　　雄性如何逃脱：经细致观察，雄性蝎子在与雌性发生性交配前会蛰一下雌性，让雌性完全屈服，这可能是限制雌性交配完成后将雄性完全吞食的一种策略。

Scorpions are everywhere - mountains, deserts, tropics, caves and even post-nuclear blast sites. Nonetheless, scorpions have as many predators as they do habitats, including various mammals, frogs, salamanders, insects spiders and birds. However, did you know that their own biggest predator is themselves? Over half of sand scorpions prey on scorpions and in many species the female consumes its mate, while in rare species the reverse is true.

How the Males Escape (Sometimes): Many males have been observed to sting the females into stunned submission prior to the mating process as well - presumably in part to limit their chances of beaten eaten alive afterward.

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2、蜘蛛 Spiders


蜘蛛

　　蜘蛛是被人们广泛认可的一种交配完成后噬食配偶的动物，在蜘蛛家族中最“臭名昭著”的就是“黑寡妇”，从它们的名字上也可以看出它们是一种残忍吞食雄性配偶的动物。据称，蜘蛛物种中雌性交配后吞食雄性的现象较为普遍，甚至某些蜘蛛种类吞食雄性的概率高达80%以上。目前，一种较为可信的解释理论认为，蜘蛛存在雌性吞食交配后的雄性是由于雌性的体型决定，雌性的体型比雄性明显大许多，与雌性相比，雄性蜘蛛是弱势群体，当它们亲密接触之后，更容易成为雌性的猎物。简而言之，蜘蛛物种存在的这种奇特现象并非是之前一些科学家所解释的是出于怀孕或一种进化适宜性，这仅是一种简单的自然界同类间残杀现象。

　　雄性如何逃脱：在进行性交配时，雄性蜘蛛为了避免不被雌性吞食，它们会用爪子紧紧抓住雌性蜘蛛的下颚，或者为雌性带来了一些食物，从而转移雌性的注意力。


Spiders are one of the most widely recognized mate-eating animal types in the world, with one kind - the so-called Black Widow - notably named for this habit. So why do the females consume the males, in some species at a rate of over 80%? Many theories have been advanced to explain this but the most solid explanation seems to be simply a matter of size: in species where the female is significantly bigger the females much more frequently eat the males. In short, it isn’t about fuel for the pregnancy or an evolutionary adaptation - it is a simple natural slaughter of opportunity.

How the Males Escape (Sometimes): Some male spiders hold the jaws of their female mates open while mating in order to keep from being eaten alive - others bring a diversionary meal to distract their partner.

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3、螳螂 Praying mantises


螳螂

　　在螳螂交配完成之后，雌性会十分残忍地一口咬下雄性的头部，而雄性螳螂表现得十分妥协，它们情愿等待雌性的残杀。虽然科学家们仍无法准确解释这种行为特征，难道雄性牺牲自己的身体仅仅是交配完成的一部分，让雌性充分地提高孕育后代的概率吗？为什么雄性在交配完成后不逃离现场，反而心甘情愿地等待雌性螳螂将它吞食？据悉，一些体形较大的螳螂物种甚至能够吃蜥蜴、老鼠和小鸟，对于自己的雌性配偶而言，它只是一顿快餐而已。

　　雄性如何逃脱：雄性螳螂的自卫策略就是简单地等待雌性到来，然后将它们吞食，或许雄性不被雌性吞食的最大可能性就是在雌性完成交配后并未感到饥饿。

Praying mantises are anything but penitent in the act of mating, infamous for often biting off the heads of their male partners during the act itself (which, amazingly, only speeds things up). Some males appear to wait for an ideal opportunity to dismount without prompting the female into a cannibalistic rage, though scientists have yet to determine and still debate which is the more adaptive trait for the males: permitting their own consumption in order to complete the process and improve chances of fertilization or making a clean getaway to mate again. Large mantises have been known to eat lizards, mice and small birds - making a male a small snack.

How the Males Escape (Sometimes): The best known self-preservation tactic for male mantises is simply waiting until their partner has caught a snack - and to hoping she isn’t still hungry after they finish copulating.