庆祝火星车登陆火星表面五周年

发布: 2009-1-04 15:28 | 作者: 苏获 | 来源: 大风车中英文门户网站社区

The Mars Rovers Celebrate Five Years on the Martian Surface  
庆祝"勇气号"和"机遇号"火星车先后登陆火星五周年


Spirit and Opportunity continue to transmit data after a half-decade of service
勇气号和机遇号火星探测器在登陆火星表面5年后仍然在向地球传送数据。





火星探索计划 The Mars Exploration Rover Mission
On January 4, 2004, the first of two Mars Exploration Rovers (shown above in an artist's rendering) landed on the Martian surface. The goal of therovers was to search for and analyze rocks and soils that yield clues to the planet's watery past. Water, of course, is essential for life — at least as we understand it.


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美国宇航局网站报道,2004年1月,勇气号和机遇号火星车先后登陆火星。如今这两辆火星车登陆火星即将近满5年,但未来仍可能大有作为。

  2004年1月3日,“勇气”号成功着陆火星,美国宇航局在加州的喷气推进实验室(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)的数百名工程师和科学家欢呼雀跃。21天后,“机遇”号登陆火星,但是,科学家们谁也没想到,2009年他们仍可以操纵这两个火星探测器。华盛顿美国宇航局科学任务委员会(Science Mission Directorate)的副主管艾迪·威勒说:“当时美国纳税人被告诉两个火星探测器各自的原定‘黄金任务’只有3 个月。现在,两个探测器的工作时间几乎是原计划的20倍。它们是非常值得的投资回报。”

  “勇气”号和“机遇”号火星探测器对远古火星潮湿而恶劣的环境有了重要发现。它们传回了25万张火星图片,行程21公里,爬火星山,下火星坑,面对沙障和硬件老化的重重困难,历经尘暴,通过美国宇航局的“火星奥德赛”探测器中转了超过36千兆字节的数据。直到现在,“勇气”号和“机遇”号仍在执行科学家为它们制定的新任务。

  喷气推进实验室“勇气”号和“机遇”号项目经理约翰·卡拉斯说:“鉴于两个火星探测器每天面对的恶劣环境,我们认为它们的耐力令人难以置信。”

  火星风会不时地为两个探测器清理它们太阳能板上的尘土,谁也没想到火星风竟然为探测器的寿命帮了大忙。但是,这种忙并不完全可靠。“勇气”号已经18个多月没有好好清理尘土了,太阳能板比厚厚的尘土所覆盖,差点不能为它在南半球的第三个冬天(12月结束)提供足够的能量。卡拉斯说:“这个最近的冬天差点杀死‘勇气’号,现在刚有好转。”

  “勇气”号的能量会随春天和夏天的到来而增加,科学家们计划让它前往它2008年所在地以南约183米处的两个目的地。一个目的地是一个土丘,对该目的地的探索可能会支持“勇气”号从2006年就开始研究的“本垒板”(Home Plate)的一种解释:“本垒板”是可能是火山喷发的产物。另一目的地是一个叫做“戈达德”的一间房子大小的火星坑。

  火星探测器的首席研究员,康奈尔大学的史蒂夫·斯克勒斯说:“戈达德看起来不像一个撞击坑。我们怀疑它可能是一个爆裂的火山口,它是我们以前不曾看到过的东西。”坑里的浅色环圈可能为附近一块亮度较高的富含硅的土壤补充了资料,斯克勒斯认为这是“勇气”号目前为止最重要的发现。2007年,“勇气”号探测器的一个静止不动的轮子掀翻了这块硅土,“勇气”号的这个轮子从2006年就停止工作了,自此,“勇气”号就像锚一样拖着这个坏掉的轮子。

  “机遇”号火星探测器的下一个目的地是“奋进”陨坑。该坑直径约22公里,比“机遇”号过去两年大部分时间所呆的地方“维多利亚坑”大20倍。虽然“奋进”坑距离“维多利亚”坑差不多12公里,但是,对“机遇”号来说这一路途相当远,因为一路上它要避开很多大型障碍物。

  自从4个月前爬出“维多利亚”坑,“机遇”号已经向“奋进”坑“迈进”了1英里多,开始停下来检查沿路必查的松散岩体的第一个。2006年登陆火星的“火星侦察轨道器”(Mars Reconnaissance Orbite)拍摄的高清图片帮助科学家规划“勇气”号的布满潜在沙障的路线,这些沙障以前从轨道上根本看不到。

  喷气推进实验所漫游者操纵员弗兰克·哈特曼说:“我们不断为这些探测器布置可执行的更高任务,以前让‘机遇’号到达‘奋进’坑似乎是疯狂的想法,但是现在我们正在进行着。”斯克勒斯说:“先进的科学推动了这一旅程,而且还定能导致发现一些其他的重要东西。它已经实现了人类在另一星球上的首次陆地勘探。以后人们回首这期间火星勘探的时候,可能会认为‘勇气’号和‘机遇’号火星探测器是最重要的,不是因为它们完成的科学任务,而是因为我们第一次能在火星表面进行勘测。”
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:29:48)




准备阶段 Preparation
NASA technicians examine MER-2, subsequently dubbed Spirit, at Kennedy Space Center in March 2003. The spacecraft's name, along with the name of its twin, Opportunity, was chosen through a student essay competition.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:48:02)



发射 Launch
A Delta II rocket with Spirit aboard takes off from Earth on June 10, 2003. The relatively small rover — it weighs just a little more than 400 pounds — is packed into the tip of this giant rocket,
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:48:39)



着落 Landing
An artist's drawing shows how Spirit's parachute deployed as it approached the Martian surface. The first rover arrived on the planet on January 4, 2004. The second arrived three weeks later.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:49:25)



庆祝 Celebration
NASA scientists and technicians celebrate Opportunity's landing on Mars. Putting the second rover on the planet made them "two for two."
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:50:02)



传回火星第一张照片 First Impressions
This panoramic image, a 3-D stereo photo made by the rover's navigation camera, was released by NASA shortly after Spirit arrived on the Martian surface. It shows a surface depression nicknamed 'Sleepy Hollow' visible at the center left of the frame.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:50:41)



观看 Viewing
NASA's chief scientist in 2004, James Garvin, left, and an agency public affairs officer study the 3-D images provided by Spirit in January 2004.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:51:22)



漫步者的自拍像 Self Portrait with Rock
In February 2004 Spirit transmitted this photograph of its exploratory arm and the ground beneath it. NASA nicknamed this rock "Adirondack."
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:52:01)



漫步者相册精选 From the Rover Photo Album
Opportunity generated this false-color image of dune crests as it navigated further into "Endurance Crater." In their five years on the planet surface, the two rovers have traveled a combined 13 miles.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:52:48)



微观检视 Microscopic View
This image shows approximately 1.2 inches of a rock surface scientists named "El Capitan." Spirit and Opportunity have transmitted over a quarter million images during their stay on the planet surface.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:53:36)



大角度视野 The Wide View
Spirit provided the data for this image, stitched together from several separate frames, in January 2004. When NASA first announced the rover missions, no one expected that they would last for so long. The original mission profile suggested that they would operate for approximately three months apiece.
苏获 (2009-1-04 15:54:26)



新一代火星探测器 The Next Generation
An artist's rendering shows the Mars Science Laboratory, the vehicle that lies at the heart of the next mission to the Red Planet. It is presently set for launch in 2011.