南极占领岛上帝企鹅 King Penguins
发布: 2009-9-20 19:21 | 作者: cnnas | 来源: 大风车中英文门户网站社区
每年,成群结对的进入繁殖期的帝企鹅来到南极站领岛繁育它们的下一代。
By the multitudes, breeding king penguins come ashore each year to stake a claim on Possession Island.
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占领岛相关内容:
占领岛,是位于南极北部大约1400英里处克罗泽群岛上的一个小地方,这里气候潮湿,常年风力大。但是,每年却有大量的王企鹅爬上占领岛(Possession Island)繁育后代。
来自意大利的摄影师斯特凡诺·安特新纳(Stefano Unterthiner)于去年12月登上这座小岛,他的任务是记录并观察王企鹅的生存状况。当时正值南半球的夏季,王企鹅产蛋的季节。这时,它们会笨拙地爬上岸来,脱毛、求偶,如果幸运的话,就能找到理想的伴侣并孕育出后代。
成年王企鹅身长80至100厘米,体重大约12至14公斤左右,是企鹅家族中体型第二大的属种,仅次于帝企鹅。它们嘴巴细长,长相“绅士”,是南极企鹅中姿势最优雅、性情最温顺、外貌最漂亮的一种。此外,王企鹅外形特征十分明显,也是企鹅中色彩最鲜艳的一种,头上、喙、脖子呈鲜艳的橘色,且脖子下的橘色羽毛向下和向后延伸的面积较大。
王企鹅在占领岛上一共建立了6处栖息地,其中最大的是一块面积达90英亩的砾石地,这里被法国科学家誉为“日本花园”。安特新纳发现,这片栖息地上随处可见王企鹅之间为捍卫各自领地而战斗,尽管这块领地可能就比井盖稍大。在狭窄的领地内,雌王企鹅一次只产一枚蛋,之后由雄王企鹅和雌王企鹅轮流孵化直到小企鹅出生。当这些小企鹅羽毛长得足够丰满以确保能抵挡严寒时,孵化阶段方才结束。在为期3个月的孵化过程里,成年王企鹅会用喙啄那些来犯的敌人,保护自己的孩子不受伤害。它们主要的敌人是海燕、贼鸥以及其它觊觎企鹅蛋或小企鹅的鸟类。研究人员发现,一只成年王企鹅每天需要花4个小时,啄2000次来犯的入侵者 。
安特新纳从去年12月份到今年4月份一直待在岛上。他表示:“在这里全然没有嘈杂的感觉,一切秩序井然,所有的王企鹅都排成方阵,守卫着自己的领地。”
王企鹅的栖息地遍布7座岛屿以及印度洋和大西洋南端的众多群岛上。这些岛屿主要分布在南极幅合带,是地极冷水和北部温水交汇的地方,位于南纬48°至62°之间。而且,这里的海水养分非常丰富。
王企鹅既是优秀的潜水员也是游泳健将,它们能潜入250多英里深的海底捕食鱿鱼和灯笼鱼。目前,王企鹅数量约有220万对,其中有一半生活在克罗泽群岛上。然而最近对克罗泽群岛的研究表明海水升温使得栖息地附近的食物锐减,王企鹅觅食的范围越来越小。气候变化正严重威胁着这一物种的生存。
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个个都是王 Every Bird a King
先是响起吵杂声:国王企鹅喊叫、打架、求偶发出的混乱喧嚣,宛如学校运动场上最严重的骚动。接着传来的是味道:一股令人窒息、夹杂着鱼腥味和企鹅粪便中阿摩尼亚的浓烈气味。然而,听觉与嗅觉所受的袭击相较于即将出现在眼前的景象,只不过是序幕而已。摄影师史泰凡诺‧温特提纳爬上珀瑟逊岛—─南极洲北方约2250公里处的克罗塞群岛中,一座潮湿、长年受强风吹袭的蕞尔小岛—─上的一道火山脊时,发现自己眼前是一座被国王企鹅挤得水泄不通的山谷;企鹅有数万只,全部都站立着,好像聚在一起参加大型集会一样。时机是南半球的夏季——产卵的季节。这时候,在水中一向灵活敏捷的企鹅会笨拙地走上岸来换羽、寻找配偶,幸运的话就能生下小企鹅。名符其实的国王企鹅拥有威武庄严的体态,高约一公尺、平均重13公斤,是体型第二大的企鹅,仅次于皇帝企鹅。国王企鹅也是最有特色的企鹅之一,牠们的头、喙和脖子上都点缀了亮橘色的羽毛,胸口也是。
国王企鹅在珀瑟逊岛上分成了六个繁殖群体,最大的一群安顿在那片面积36公顷、散布着巨砾、被法国研究人员戏称为「日本花园」的土地上。但温特提纳发现这个地方名不符实,一点也不适合冥想;企鹅为了捍卫比人孔盖稍大的土地而冲突,整个群体都不得安宁。国王企鹅不筑巢,雄性与雌性在狭隘的空间里轮流孵一颗蛋;蛋平衡置于牠们的双脚上,以松散的皮毛遮盖。同样的方法也用来保护新生的小企鹅,直到小企鹅羽衣渐丰、能够抵挡恶劣的天候为止。
在这段为期三个月的时间里,成年企鹅对所有入侵者都会加以啄击。入侵的主要是镬、贼鸥,以及偏爱企鹅蛋和幼鸟的鸟类捕食者。研究人员推估,每一只哺育下一代的国王企鹅一天要花上四个小时以及2000下啄击来驱赶闯入者。
「整个场面非常拥挤,但一点也不会有混乱的感觉。」在岛上从12月待到来年4月的温特提纳说,「这些企鹅看起来十分有组织,几乎就像军队阵式一样,每一只都坚守着自己的地盘。」
目前国王企鹅的数量估计有220万对,状况良好。但是最近一份在克罗塞群岛(半数国王企鹅在此处繁殖)所做的研究显示,海水暖化正导致聚居地附近的食物来源减少,并提出警告说,气候变迁可能会对国王企鹅的长期生存造成严重威胁。不过至少就目前看来,喧嚣声、恶臭味和啄击都是国王企鹅仍然繁荣兴盛的见证。—Tom O'Neill
英文原文:
First comes the Noise, the turbulent din of king penguins calling, fighting, courting, like the ultimate schoolyard uproar. Then the smell hits, a choking reek of fish and ammonia from the birds' guano. But the assault on ear and nose is only a teaser for what awaits the eye. When photographer Stefano Unterthiner climbed a volcanic ridge on Possession Island—a wet, wind-blasted speck in the Crozet archipelago some 1,400 miles north of Antarctica—he found himself staring into a valley filled wall-to-wall with king penguins, tens of thousands of them, all standing as if gathered for a mass rally. The occasion was summer in the Southern Hemisphere—egg-laying season, the time when penguins, so agile and quick in the water, clumsily come ashore to molt, find a partner, and with luck produce a new crop of chicks. Befitting their name, king penguins cut an impressive figure in the seabird court. As tall as three feet and weighing an average of 30 pounds, they are the second largest penguin, after the emperor. The king is also among the most distinctive, with vivid orange detailing on its head, beak, neck, and upper breast.
On Possession Island king penguins have established six breeding colonies, the largest one on 90 acres of boulder-strewn ground that French researchers have dubbed Jardin Japonais, or "Japanese garden." Far from a meditative space, as Unterthiner discovered, the colony seethes with the drama of birds defending plots little larger than a manhole cover. King penguins do not build nests. In their constricted space, the male and female take turns incubating a single egg balanced on their feet and covered by a loose fold of skin. They brood the newborn chick in the same way until it grows plumage thick enough to withstand the elements.
During this three-month period, the adults peck at all trespassers. The main offenders are petrels and skuas, avian predators partial to eggs and chicks. Researchers figure that a king penguin parent devotes four hours and 2,000 pecks a day to fighting off interlopers.
"For all the crowding, there was no sense of chaos," says Unterthiner, who stayed on the island from December to April. "The penguins looked very organized, almost like they were in military formation, each guarding its ground."
King penguins have established colonies across seven islands and island groups in the southern reaches of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The islands are crucially located near the Antarctic Convergence, an oceanic boundary where cold polar water meets and mixes with warmer subantarctic seas, producing a rich feeding zone. Prodigious divers and swimmers, king penguins travel 250 miles or more to feed in the depths on squid and bioluminescent lanternfish.
Numbering an estimated 2.2 million pairs, the king penguin population is in good shape. Yet a recent study in the Crozet Islands, where half of all king penguins breed, reveals that warming seas are reducing food resources near the colonies and warns that climate change may pose a serious threat to the species' long-term survival. But for now, the clamor, the stink, and the pecking all bear witness to king penguins still in their full glory.